He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics, a Ph.D. in computer science, and became a computer programmer at the Bank of America. He later on became a professor of mathematics at MIT and a professor at the University of Southern California. He eventually became the Distinguished Henry Salvatori Professor, and earned the Association for Computing Machinery Paris Kanallakis Award for Theory and Practice along with the Turning Award with his colleges, Ron Rivest and Adi Shamir.
Most famously, Adleman co-created RSA Data Security, which was the first one-way function to prevent decoding encryptions. This ensured privacy to people sending messages, as it only allowed those with encryption key to decode the encryption.